1431 Joan of Arc's first day of interrogation during her trial for heresy.
1916 Battle of Verdun begins with a German offensive, leads to an estimated 1 million casualties, and becomes the longest battle of the entire war (9 months)
1917 British troopship SS Mendi sinks off Isle of Wight, 646 die.
1945 Battle of Monte Castello (Italy): Allied forces, including the first land battle of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, defeat Germans after three months of fierce fighting in the foothills of the Apennine Mountains.
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