79 Mount Vesuvius begins stirring, on feast day of Vulcan, Roman god of fire (goes on to destroy Pompeii) [approx date]
1305 Scottish patriot William Wallace is executed for high treason by Edward I of England at Smithfield, London.
1942 Battle of Stalingrad: 600 Luftwaffe planes bomb Stalingrad (40,000 die)
1942 World War II: last cavalry charge in history takes place at Isbushenskij, Russia; the Italian Savoia Cavalleria charges Soviet infantry.
1996 Osama bin Laden issues message entitled "A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places"
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