1816 France decrees Bonaparte family excluded from the country forever.
1913 After using other pseudonyms over the years, Josef Dzhugashvili signs himself as Stalin ("man of steel") in a letter to the newspaper Social Democrat.
1916 Max Immelmann and Oswald Boelcke receive the Pour le Merite, the German Empire's highest military award, for achieving eight aerial victories each over Allied aircraft.
1945 German forces in Belgium retreat in Battle of Bulge.
1945 US Task Force 38 destroys 41 Japanese ships in Battle of South China Sea.
1962 Operation Ranch Hand begins, a US Air Force operation to spray South Vietnamese forests with defoliants such as Agent Orange.
1962 Operation Chopper begins, America's first combat mission in the Vietnam War.
1990 Romania bans Communist party (1st Warsaw Pact member to do so)
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