Were there any other enemy assets in the mission? Any surface ships? What about any helo's or aircraft dropping sonobouys in your area? Are you positive the torp was a SS-N-16 from the Victor and not a aerial dropped weapon from a helo or May/Bear ASW aircraft?
If you were heading right at him at slow speed and deep, and at 15,000+ yds, I don't understand how he heard you unless you did something to get his attention.
Are you using the realism mod? Any mods? What version of the game?
I know the Mk37 very well. I ended up modding the weapons.txt file to give the Mk37 a chance to get a hit. I messed with the Mk16 also so it's not "as dumb as a stump" anymore. Its no wonder weapon, just.....ok.
"CC"